Exploring the Past Essay

We all have little privileged insights which we don’t need to impart to others †things which we are embarrassed about, things which are too close to even consider telling or just things which occurred before and we don’t need to let them know since they may hurt somebody or they may make inconveniences us. I have the ideal model that investigating the past now and again might be agonizing. I have a companion †Lora-which is passionate and gives all of herself for her beau. In any case, her ex one didn’t get that. Tom †her ex was peculiar and he needed to thoroughly understand Lora’s past connections. One day he asked her for what valid reason she has parted ways with her last sweetheart. From the start she didn’t need to discuss that however he was encouraging her. So she revealed to Tom that she has double-crossed her last sweetheart and that was the explanation of their splitting. At the point when she hosts been at a get-together at a companion of her she has smashed and a kid from the gathering has grasped the chance and got alone with her. In the first part of the day she couldn’t recall that anything other than it has been past the point of no return. The sweetheart had gone off. Her lone issue was that she had flushed so a lot yet she wasn’t liable for the remainder of the event. In any case, her then beau didn’t get that and he left her despite the fact that she cherished him without a doubt. With respect to Tom he thought Lora could do that once more. They have been together for a long time and he throwed her up in light of the fact that she may rehash a similar misstep. It was such an inept explanation. She could address her misstep yet she cherished Tom without a doubt. He cherished her as well however sentiments were clearly deficient to keep them together. The two of them pined after one another for a long however they didn’t get together once more. We can’t return the time and fix our missteps, it's not possible for anyone to change the past. So it is very purposeless to investigate the bygone eras. It’s only an exercise in futility which we can spend in making what's to come.

Cerium Facts - Ce or Atomic Number 58

Cerium Facts - Ce or Atomic Number 58 Cerium (Ce) is nuclear number 58 on the intermittent table. Like different lanthanides or uncommon earth components, cerium is a delicate, silver-hued metal. Its the most copious of the uncommon earth components. Cerium Basic Facts Component Name: Cerium Nuclear Number: 58 Image: Ce Nuclear Weight: 140.115 Component Classification: Rare Earth Element (Lanthanide Series) Found By: W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth Disclosure Date: 1803 (Sweden/Germany) Name Origin: Named after the space rock Ceres, found two years before the component. Cerium Physical Data Thickness (g/cc) close r.t.: 6.757 Dissolving Point ( °K): 1072 Breaking point ( °K): 3699 Appearance: Malleable, pliable, iron-dark metal Nuclear Radius (pm): 181 Nuclear Volume (cc/mol): 21.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 165 Ionic Radius: 92 (4e) 103.4 (3e) Explicit Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.205 Combination Heat (kJ/mol): 5.2 Dissipation Heat (kJ/mol): 398 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.12 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 540.1 Oxidation States: 4, 3 Electronic Configuration: [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 Grid Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Grid Constant (Ã… ): 5.160 Electrons per Shell: 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 Stage: Solid Fluid Density at m.p.: 6.55 gâ ·cmâˆ'3 Warmth of Fusion: 5.46 kJ ·molâˆ'1 Warmth of Vaporization: 398 kJ ·molâˆ'1 Warmth Capacity (25  °C): 26.94 J ·molâˆ'1 ·Kâˆ'1 Electronegativity: 1.12 (Pauling scale) Nuclear Radius: 185 pm Electrical Resistivity (r.t.): (ÃŽ ², poly) 828 nî ©Ã¢ ·m Warm Conductivity (300 K): 11.3 W ·mâˆ'1 ·Kâˆ'1 Warm Expansion (r.t.): (ÃŽ ³, poly) 6.3  µm/(m ·K) Speed of Sound (slight pole) (20  °C): 2100 m/s Youngs Modulus (ÃŽ ³ structure): 33.6 GPa Shear Modulus (ÃŽ ³ structure): 13.5 GPa Mass Modulus (ÃŽ ³ structure): 21.5 GPa Poisson Ratio (ÃŽ ³ structure): 0.24 Mohs Hardness: 2.5 Vickers Hardness: 270 MPa Brinell Hardness: 412 MPa CAS Registry Number: 7440-45-1 Sources: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) Come back to the Periodic Table

How Do You Write Your Term Paper? Easy Tips For the Beginning Writer

How Do You Write Your Term Paper? Easy Tips For the Beginning WriterHow do you write your term paper? If you think it is too easy to do then you need to try it because there are some methods that you will love and there are some you will hate, so here are some tips for you.The first thing to do is to focus on your time. You need to find out what works for you and what does not. Find out the main topics and the most common questions that you face. Write down these two and you will have a list of all the subjects that you need to get familiar with.When you have these two lists, you can now work on writing all the main points. Try to write as much as you can without looking too far ahead. You should always remember that the topic is the issue and when you start writing you should not even try to think of ways to improve the paper but rather focus on just the topic itself.Remember to use the main topic for the rest of the paper. You can add in other related topics if you want to. However , this is the core of the paper and if you forget about it you will probably lose interest in the whole project.Then you need to concentrate on how to make your main topic interesting. For instance, you could add some short stories into the paper or you could change the topic around every now and then.Also, think about how you would go about doing a proofreading. This can be a bit challenging if you do not know how to do it. However, there are some tips that you can apply and that you should not skip.Just remember that you need to keep all the main topics and the related ones in mind. You will have to look for the things that you missed.As you can see, it is not too hard to become a good writer if you follow the right guidelines. The next thing to do is to start writing and get it written in a way that it is fun. You should also make sure that you write about topics that you are familiar with.

The Real Risk Of Playing Football - 964 Words

The Real Risk of Playing Football From the age of eight years old I loved to play football. I looked up to those who had made my favorite pastime a profession with a sense of idolization. The speed, strength and aggression they used to play the game left me in amazement and with goals to play more like they did. But I have one specific memory that stands out above the rest. It was the first time I had ever seen someone carted off the football field for an injury. In this case it was a torn ligament in the knee. The rest of my time playing football I was told how dangerous it was and that it would ruin my body, which in many ways it did even before I turned 18, but until only a few years ago nobody had yet fathomed that it would do far worse damage to a player’s mind. CTE is the abbreviated name for the trauma caused to the brain after multiple concussions which is most commonly found in football players. It has horrific side effects similar to schizophrenia and it is excruciatingly painful. It can cause a person to hear voices and even have a strong desire to follow what those voices tell him or her to do. This has opened a new age in football by introducing an old question with new force, is there anyway to make football safe enough to play? For years people have found ways to make football safer for the body by introducing new technologies in padding specifically the helmet and knee braces. This is because until now that was believed by the general public to be the onlyShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Tackle Football1161 Words   |  5 PagesYouth tackle football is a popular sport for children today but this sport can have pros and cons. One of the most controversial sport that a child can play is tackle football. Tackle football is a full contact sport. In any full contact sport, there are risks like concussions, injuries and the lasting effects of those injures. There are also pros in playing this sport like teamwork, sportsmanship, character, and exercise. Youth football can also have psychological pros and cons that can affectRead MorePersuasive Essay Football759 Words   |  4 Pages Football is often labeled as a dangerous, unsafe sport, but there are many good things that come along with playing football. In the past two weeks I have learned about the risks that accompany football. Many kids suffer with concussions and face injuries from the sport, which scares many people away. But, despite the risks and the unsafe label, I would allow my child to play football because it promotes health, builds friendships, and helps gain toughness. The first reason why I would let myRead MoreFootball Persuasive Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesFootball is one of the most popular sports in America. A total of 1.3 million children ages 6-12 played tackle football in 2015 (Farrey). In football, two teams of 11 players on the field face off against each other. The team with the ball, called offense has to attempt to get a player with the ball into the opposing team’s end zone. This resulting in 6 points, where the team then receives an attempt for kicking the ball for an extra point, or throwing/running the ball for two. The defending teamRead MoreNegative Effect On Football1197 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican football has brought joy to people all across America. Since football was created, many people across the world have used it for hundreds of reasons including bringing families together. Then, for the ones actually playing the game, the use it for a stress reliever an out from reality a moment out of their life where al l they have to worry about is doing one thing that they love playing their sport. On the other hand, though there is one major complication that stops people from playing ChronicRead MoreFootball is Dangerous?1211 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Larsen Football Head Football is an all American sport that has led to the downfall of many great athletes who have suffered from the sport in a psychological and physical manner. Football is a dangerous sport that is only played by one country, the U.S.A. Realistically, banning the sport is almost near impossible, but there should be regulations to the sport if that people would have to meet in order to insure safety and knowledgeable facts about the sport. Football is not meant forRead MoreSports, Basketball, And Football975 Words   |  4 Pageshome to many sports, basketball, and American football among the most popular. Spectators filling in thousands of seats at open stadiums, and hundreds of thousands more watching at home in front of their television. Both basketball and football have distinct, fundamental differences, however, they do not outweigh the similarities the two sports share. A franchise without their fans is similar to a kingdom without their subjects, and basketball and football share this common thread. Of course, withoutRead MoreNegative Speech On Football1195 Words   |  5 Pagesyou look forward to Thursday, Sunday, and Monday every week for seventeen weeks out of the year. You may be wondering why? I will tell you, football! It has everything you would want from a sport; fast paced, exhilarating plays, near superman abilities, and a suspense that can leave you hanging off the edge of your seat. The thing that drastically sets football apart from other sports are the devastating, mind blowing, gut wrenching hits these players take and dish out. The force and placement of theseRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On Youth And High School Football1461 Words   |  6 Pages Seth Garff Mrs. Holliday: Period 2 1/8/16 The Dangers of Concussions in Youth and High School Football Thesis: Youth and High School football teams are not adequately protected from the danger of concussions and head trauma. Concussions occur on a large scale in football. During a concussion, the head can experience a blow directly or can have whiplash. When the head is hit, the brain hits the inside of the skull, giving it a temporary bruise. This bruise or tearing ofRead MoreThe Birth Date Of Football1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe birth date of football in the United States is November 6, 1869, when teams from Rutgers and Princeton University met for the first intercollegiate football game. The game of football has a history of many rule changes. Rule changes have been brought on to give the excitement of the game of football and to increase the game of safety. Within a decade, concern over the increasing brutality of the game led to its ban by some colleges. Nearly 180 players had suffered serious injuries. At a meetingRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of American Football1045 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican football has existed for more than an entire century, becoming one of the most popular sports to still exist in the modern United States. It is widely played by American males of all ages, ranging from toddlers in pop warner leagues to men in their late thirties that are just finishing their professional careers in the National Football League. Due to the vast amount of options that are available to people during their first forty years of living, there are some players who play this sport

Parenting As A Child With Special Needs - 1328 Words

Parenting in Lesbian-Gay (LGBT) or Same-Sex Couple Homes. A review study (American Psychological Association, 2005) showed no evidence that lesbian or gay parents are unfit to parent children nor are the children under their care as parents are disadvantaged psychosocially or economically as compared with heterosexual couples. Nevertheless, this study admitted that data on LGBT parents are limited (American Psychological Association, 2005). The same findings were noted in another study (Telingator Patterson,2008). Parenting during Post-Separation of Couples.Smyth, (2004) discussed the nature of parenting arrangements during the post-separation (whether after divorce or legal separation of couples), as follows. Parenting patterns†¦show more content†¦These families were satisfied with their child’s education but want an increase in different kinds of communication between the home and the school. Parenting in Blended Families. Juby, Le Bourdais Marcil-Gratton (2001) discussed the family situation in step- and blended families, as follows. Stepfamilies are defined, as follows: (1) one parent is not the biological parent of the children of his present spouse; and (2) both parents and the children of one spouse all live in one house. Blended families are defined, as follows: (1) both parents and their respective children from a previous marriage or conjugal relationship live in one residence; and/or (2) both parents have a common child between them, aside from their own respective children from a previous marriage or conjugal relationship. Their study showed these results, as follows. There is a tendency for children to remain with their mother after a divorce or a broken couple relationship. Children have closer contact with their â€Å"maternal half-siblings than† than with their father’s children from a previous marriage or conjugal relationship(Juby, Le B ourdais, Marcil-Gratton, 2001). â€Å"Children born into stepfamilies are at a higher risk of family breakdown than children born into intact families†(Juby, Le Bourdais, Marcil-Gratton, 2001). There is greater conjugal union stability among stepfamily couples having a

Mbti Critique - 2357 Words

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was developed in part to offer a form of Jung s personality type theory that is more coherent and useful in people s lives. It has become one of the most accepted and widely-used development tools for assessing personality characteristics in non-psychiatric populations. Applications have been made across a broad range of human knowledge, including in areas such as psychotherapy and counseling; education, learning methods, cognitive styles, career counseling, and management and leadership in organizations. Isabel Briggs Myers devoted a great deal of her life to the creation of an instrument that would be valuable to the largest possible population of people, initially designed to facilitate research†¦show more content†¦People use all of the type preferences and processes at various times, and each is appropriate in certain situations. Be that as it may, one s inborn inclination will predominantly determine which are most used and which will in that case, be best developed. This gives rise to unlimited alternatives, even among people of the same code type. Test Development The MBTI is conceptualized as a psychological instrument to functionally apply an adaptation of Jung s theory of Psychological Types, which means that they would be attempting to measure the mind to a certain degree. The question then becomes, are the use of mathematics and statistical methods a valid means of measurement for attributes like intelligence or, in this case, personality. The word indicator, rather than test, was probably used in naming the MBTI in order to refrain from connotations of right or wrong, good or bad in completing the instrument. This fits in with Jung s theory and philosophy that all of the types are good. Structure and Administration The MBTI may be administered in groups or individually. All key instructions are found on the cover of the question booklets, and solutions are marked on answer sheets. The MBTI Accreditation Program is designed to facilitate a standard format of administration, scoring and interpretation by accredited usersShow MoreRelatedEssay On Myers Briggs Type Indicator1465 Words   |  6 PagesMyers–Briggs Personality Indicator Introduction The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the Jung’s theory of psychological types. The test is a self-report questionnaire that gives insight in how people interpret the world around them. This can be significantly important, as it can help someone better understand themselves, as well as their relationships, education, career, and role in the workplace. The MBTI was was developed by Katharine Cook Briggs together with her daughter Isabel BriggsRead MorePersonalityDimensionsAssignmentWinter2015 1898 Words   |  4 Pagesstudying, self-administering, and then interpreting and reporting on the results of, several â€Å"personality tests.† Each test assesses, typically, just a singular dimension [facet] of this multi-dimensional construct [though some, like the Big 5 and MBTI, measure multiple dimensions on the one test]. To interpret the result[s] properly you will need to investigate / study / research to understand each of the dimensions on each of the tests and what they specifically measure and how the measurementRead MorePersonality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique1950 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique University of phoenix PSYCH 525 Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Myers-Briggs Indicator Type has developed to offer a part in Jung form of personality theory type; which has considered coherence in Indian life. Myers-Briggs’ most widely used and accepted developed tool works together in personal characteristicsRead MoreI, By The Audience Experienced The Journey Of Chris Ladd882 Words   |  4 PagesMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). He then distinguished the purpose behind the formations of the measures, which allowed him to critique their practices. With the MBTI, the measure is set to uphold Jung’s theory, and thus tests for the presence of specific traits. The MMPI, however, is merely looking for the norm of behaviors and attitudes and comparing the norm to abnormalities. Ladd struggled with these tests, as the MBTI failed in reasoningRead MoreEvaluation of Myers-Briggs1910 Words   |  8 PagesTEST REVIEW AND CRITIQUE The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Abstract The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is used extensively by educators, counselors, and other professionals. Based on Jungs theory of psychological types, the psychodynamic model of the MBTI is useful for self-understanding and life-long development. MBTI type descriptions characterize 16 types at their best; provide positive, self-affirming goals; and note blind spots and problems to avoid. The MBTI problem-solvingRead MoreAstrology and Alchemy - the Occult Roots of the Mbti4990 Words   |  20 PagesSounding Board Psychologists and managers may be surprised to discover that the origins of the world’s most widely used psychometric instrument lie in pre-modern systems of knowledge. Astrology and alchemy – the occult roots of the MBTI by Peter Case and Garry Phillipson There appear to be no reputable investigations into the influence of astrology and alchemy on organisation and management, which is surprising given the continuing popularity of astrology. Aside from some research into how marketingRead MoreCompare and Contrast1582 Words   |  7 PagesBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA). The 16PF is a comprehensive measure of normal-range personality that is used to gather an in-depth, integrated picture of the whole person. It was introduced over 40 years ago and has widely been used for a variety of applications including treatment planning and couples’ counseling, and to provide support for vocational guidance, hiring and promotion recommendations. The MBTI assessment is a widely usedRead MoreThe Test For Critique : Frank Parsons1873 Words   |  8 Pages Test for Critique Frank Parsons opened the first career guidance center in Boston in 1908, he began by asking prospective clients â€Å"116 rigorous questions about their ambitions, strengths, and weaknesses†( Myer 25 ). But then he did something more unusual: He measured their skulls. Parsons was a committed believer in phrenology. If you had a large forehead, he might recommend you become a lawyer or engineer. But if your skull was more developed behind the ears, you were of the â€Å"animal type†(MyerRead MoreTest Critique2285 Words   |  10 PagesTest: Include also the date it was originally developed as well as the date of the current version. This should be done in a narrative form under the subheading The test critique is based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This was a mother and daughter joint effort of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed the MBTI ®. They have been fascinated with enduring work on Carl Jungs theories in the 1920’s regarding psychological type preferences. Carl Jung believed that theories can beRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits Essay1987 Words   |  8 Pagesperimeters, this essay with address several critiques that affect the evaluation of contemporary use in each of the three personality tests: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT), but only several characteristics will be analyzed thoroughly to produce a more elaborate and detailed discussion. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a psychometric self-report questionnaire

Considered As Income And Are Taxable Under â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Considered As Income And Are Taxable Under? Answer: Introducation According to the Taxation Ruling of TR 94/D20 defines that the accounting of the compensation that is received in regard to the personal injury would be treated as the assessable income under section Subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936. The income received by Yen the present context is represents weekly payments and they are treated as salary and attracts liability for tax. Compensation for the loss of finger is a lump sum payment related to the personal injury and therefore under Subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936 they are considered as tax free income (Barkoczy, 2016). An important consideration is that lump sum payment made for physical injury is considered as a common law claim that cannot be considered for taxation law. Amount paid by the employer is considered as benefit for Yan and would be included in the taxable income of the Yans. Social security disability support pension is considered as the benefit that possesses the characteristics of the income (Woellner et al., 2016). These income are considered as assessable completely during the year in which it is received and would be considered as taxable under Section 25 (1) of the ITAA. Arguably, amounts received by Yen is under the social security disability support pension is regarded as the insured person lost income due to the injury. These amounts are considered as income and are taxable under Subsection 25 (1). Determination of the Taxable Income Particulars Section Amount ($) Assessable Income Workman Compensation subsection 25(1) of the ITAA 1936 4000 ($500*8 weeks) Compensation for loss of finger subsection 25(1) of the ITAA 1936 Exempted Cost of ambulance received 950 Social security disability support pension subsection 25(1) of the ITAA 1936 750 Total Taxable Income 5700 Reference List: Barkoczy, S. (2016). Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016). Australian business Law 2016.OUP Catalogue.

My daughter Hailey free essay sample

The fetal stage, also known as prenatal development, is a stage of life that so uch can occur. Humans begin life as a single cell. There are multiple stages that have to happen in order to become a human. The first stage is known as the Germinal Stage. The Germinal Stage is from the conception to implantation which is from O to 2 weeks. This is the period when cell division occurs, the zygote reaches the uterus and begins to implant on the uterine wall. The process of implantation can take up to a week. Our next stage is the Embryonic Stage. This stage is from implantation till the end of the first two months. Some of the things that occur in this tage are, vital organs and bodily systems begin to develop from the embryonic disk. The nervous system, sensory organs, hair, outer skin, digestive and respiratory systems, liver and pancreas, bones, and muscles are all beginning to develop. We will write a custom essay sample on My daughter Hailey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At 7 weeks genetic activity on the Y chromosome causes testes to differtiate, meaning if there is no Y chromosome then ovaries will differentiate. Stage 3 is the fetal stage, which is from the third month until birth. There is so much that happens during this time. By the end of the second trimester I felt fetal movement, the eyes begin pening and closing, thumb sucking, and the pattern of sleep begins. By the end of the third trimester, the fetus typically weighing 6-71bs and around 20in long. The survival rate increases to 90% by the end of the 7 month of pregnancy. The exact moment of birth occurs when the fetus passes through the vagina and emerges from the mothers body. Pregnancy is a beautiful and amazing thing. Women undergo so many different symptoms and emotions. There are so many risk factors out there that its almost impossible to not worry. Its very crucial to maintain a well-balanced diet and to take he recommended vitamins. Some risks from not following these precautions are maternal malnutrition, which can lead to low birth weight, pre-maturity, retardation of the brain which can affect physical, cognitive, motor, and behavioral development problems. The risks of being too slender can cause low birth weight, and the risks of being too obese can cause stillbirth and neural tube defects. The expected weight gain is between 25-35 pounds. Typically gaining 1/21b per week during the first half, and 11b per week the second half. Drug use during pregnancy can also cause so many problems. From antibiotics, heroin, marijuana, caffeine, cigarettes, ect. All of those drugs can potentially cause birth defects and problems for the child. Some same. Some common things that occur are morning sickness, mood swings, stress, Braxton Hicks, swelling of legs and feet, gestational diabetes, and many more. Some of the issues I faced when carrying Hailey was morning sickness and pre-term labor. I was in the hospital four times for pre-term contractions, in which they had to stop the labor. Luckily, they were able to keep Hailey inside and I carried her full term until 39 weeks. The neonatal stage, the first 4 weeks of life. On August 13, 2011 at 10:47 am my daughter Hailey was born. This day I will never forget. Hailey was delivered vaginally and immediately birth had to be taken to get medical attention. When my water broke there was meconium inside. Meconium is a dark green substance which is forming of the infants first feces. The NICIJ doctor had to come in and examine her to make sure she didnt inhale or swallow any of the meconium, which can be extremely dangerous for newborns. After a few minutes and a quick clean off, they reported that she was okay. They finally handed her to me, and checked her Apgar scores. The Apgar score is based on five of health, appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and reparatory effort. Hailey scored a 9, which means there is no danger. Babies who score under a 4 indicates critical condition. The first few hours after birth Hailey and I shared some bonding time, where she was rested against my chest. Some develop mentalists believe that bonding will impact the long-term relationship. Later that evening the doctor came in and told us that she was pretty certain Hailey had newborn Jaundice. Newborn Jaundice, is when the babys blood contains an excess of ilirubin, a yellow-colored pigment of red blood cells. Its a common condition, and typically doesnt require any treatment, but for Hailey it did. Unfortunately we had a blood incompatibility which caused the Jaundice, so she had to spend a week in the hospital under the bilirubin lights. A week later we were finally able to bring Hailey home. The first night at home was a big change for everybody. Hailey was experiencing a whole new world aside from the womb. Since Hailey had to spend the first week of life in the hospital, 4 of which she had to be without us at night, we tried to make things as comfortable as possible. We spent most of the day and night holding and rocking her. She slept around 18 hours a day, which is typical for a newborn. As the weeks went on some of the physical development I noticed with Hailey was that she kept her hands clenched at her firsts, her eyes werent very coordinated yet, and she had established all the basic refluxes needed. Some of the cognitive development I noticed was she was always trying to look at her hands and fingers, trying to fgure out what they were. She loved hearing my voice, singing to her and talking to her gently, and whenever I put a toy close to her face and moved it very lowly she would gaze at it in amazement. Most of Haileys communication was through crying and occasionally other noises. Overall, the first month at home went fantastic. Hailey was formula fed and did very well with the bottle and developing a pattern of her nights and days. Between 1-4 months old Hailey started doing new things, which seemed like it occurred every day.

Essay Sample on Marketing Plan Writing Based on the Coca-Cola Company

Essay Sample on Marketing Plan Writing Based on the Coca-Cola Company Marketing plan A marketing plan is a detailed, researched and written report that a business uses in order to outline the actions that should be taken to customers and clients and measures taken to persuade them to purchase the product. It communicates to the customers on the value of goods and services. Marketing personnel evaluate the results marketing decisions made in previous years and the market in which a business operates in order to make the right decisions .They also set goals that provide direction on how marketing should be carried out. Coca-Cola Company success has been attributed by a well structured marketing plan. Marketing plan prepared by the management determines how well it will exist in the market. Product identification A brief discussion is made concerning an existing or new product of a business in the marketing plan. Product identification involves knowing the identity of a product from its source of production, raw materials used in production, work –in- progress, finished product storage and the delivery of the products to the customers. Identification of a product can be controlled through electronic and physical methods. Product decisions should include products brand name, quality, and scope of the product line, warranty and its mode of packaging. (Derek 45). Coca-Cola Company sells soft drinks and beverages to the customers. Its management takes into consideration the advantages of selling a product and how it’s leveraged in the market so as to maximize on its profits. The branding and packaging of its products unique thus has a higher competitive advantage as opposed to that of its competitors. Marketing objective The basic strategy of a business is to determine a business objective .Some non-financial market metrics can be used to measure the success of a business. These include target market objectives and market shares- total number of new or retained customers and rate and size of purchases made in a business. These metrics show the conditions and a circumstance facing a company that cannot be solved through using financial methods (Baker 19).Coca Cola Company overall objective has been to meet the needs of its customers, to penetrate the market through providing high quality products and having a big market share through distributing its products to all parts of the world. Market The size and mark up of a market is determined by the products being sold in a business. It is also indicated by the environment in which it’s conducting its business. In the marketing there should be a mission statement that identifies a businesses long-run goal, market it serves incentives and products and services given to customers. Coca-Cola Company’s markets it products through producing concentrate syrup that is fit for consumption to all its franchise shops in the world, this increases the sale returns of the company. Competition When preparing marketing plan one should take into consideration the reasons that make a customer prefer a product from one business as opposed from its competitor. According to Porter, he stated that it is important to prepare a detailed competitive summary of the products and services variables and be ranked in comparison to those of its competitors so as to prepare the right plan for a business. The variables include; pricing, sales, trends, positioning, clarity, quality, target market focus, packaging, advertising and customer service. The management of a company should know it competitors so as to understand its strengths and weaknesess.These can be achieved through evaluating the competitors experience in business, purchasing power, market position, strength predictability and the freedom to abandon the market. The Coca Cola Company produces different kinds of products which increases of its sale turnover and makes it to have a higher competitive advantage as opposed to its com petitors. It sometimes gives free samples and incentives to its customers. Pricing A price is determined by the net income and the objective that a company have for the market of its product. The pricing decisions can be determined by knowing the market, competitors, the economic condition of a country and the customers. Tables and graphs can be used to show the pricing trends and decisions of different products of a company. The main factors that an organization should take into account while setting up its prices is that of pricing stategy,the expected volume and decision for following a pricing variable for instance; list  price, discounts, payment terms and financing options. Coca Cola company pricing is friendly as its products are recyclable therefore minimizing on the cost of producing the empty bottles used to pack its products. Promotion A product should be advertised and promoted in the market so that the customer can get to know about its existence in the market. A business should determine how much and which media should be used in advertising a product. Kotler, et.al stated there are factors that should be taken into account when promoting a product that include; public relations, promotional programs, projected results for promotional programs and budget that determines the break-even point for making a sale of a product. Coca-Cola Company has been using the fat and jolly Santa Claus in advertising of its products, this has enabled it to increase on its sales and production for its products. Distribution This process involves ensuring the products reach the customers on time. In marketing plan, distribution is an important element that consists of decision variables such as; distribution channels as direct, retail and intermediate channels; criteria for evaluating distributions ;locations; motivators of channels such as distributor margins and logistics such as transportation ,warehousing and order fulfillment . An organization should choose the best channel that can enable it maximize on its profits (Porter 34).Coca-Cola company produces syrups fit for consumption thus reducing the cost of transporting products from one place to another. Sales forecast Sales forecast is derived through understanding a product, market for a product, price, promotional methods used, and types of distribution a channel for a product .Sales forecast is the driving force of all financial forecasts. It is required to give a brief summary of current sales, identify changes, summarize changes in the forecast, and justify a forecast so as to determine the right information concerning about a product and who well it can fair in the market. The sales forecast helps the management of an organization to determine the kind of resources that should be implemented in an organization in order to maximize on its profits .In this case, factors such as political, environmental, technological and competitive factors are evaluated so as to determine whether the business operates in a good environment. Coca-Cola sales team derives the sales turnover on different intervals in the year to evaluate the position of the company in the beverage industry. Sales forecast review by management Sales forecast review by management can be achieved through using the sales manager who can understand the contacts in the industry, can familiarize themselves with advertising and promotion techniques that will increase sales revenue for an organization. The qualification of the sales personnel to generate sales leads, their relationship with the distributors and location of their sales outlets in order to increase the revenue of an organization is taken into consideration .These mechanisms can ensure the management reviews it sales forecast with the actual sales so as to understand the position of business in the market. Coca-Cola company employees prepare financial reports on an annual basis to inform the customers at its existence and production of high quality products. Conclusion Marketing plans should be reviewed on an annual basis so as to determine how a business is performing in the industry. The management of business should use the marketing plan to determine the environment in which a business can flourish in the industry. These are prepared in relation to the products and services that are sold that result from marketing strategy implemented through marketing programs. Coca-Cola company success has been contributed by well structured strategy and market penetration and production of a variety of products that are suitable for its customers.

Ismg 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ismg 4 - Essay Example The question whether IT systems is an expense or an asset depends on the business being operated (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell 49). Some businesses need IT systems to help them in running their operations. However, some businesses can do well without IT systems. If IT systems lead to the high cost of a business, then the business should consider the systems as expenses (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell 50). However, if an IT system brings more profit to a firm than when it lacks the system, then the firm should consider the system as an asset. The purpose of cost allocation is to offer relief to shared services in an organization (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell 50). Allocating cost is similar to spreading the cost amongst those who use it. Firms allocate costs in order to assign accountability of those who use the cost, either a single department or numerous departments in the company. For instance, a firm, which offers complex IT systems, can allocate duty to various departments to people who have specialized in specific fields of IT. IT departments should have full control of spending with regards to IT systems. This is because every field of occupation knows best the cost of running their business (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell 51). IT departments should have their own system of administration separate from the whole company. This will enable the department to spend what is appropriate regarding their activities. It will also enable the department to avoid any financial hitches that might face the entire company since they control their own funds (Austin, Nolan and ODonnell 51). However, this is not to mean that the company should not monitor the spending of the department. The overall management should monitor the spending of the IT department to ensure that their spending is in line with the company’s objectives. There should be a percentage cost that an IT department can spend on the maintenance of their IT systems, and this should

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Reading response - Essay Example The 913 people who died in the town were all members of the religious movement. However, two of those who died were killed by poison known as cyanide. The massacre event was named the revolutionary suicide event by Jones and several members of the religious group (Moore & Rebecca 314). The death of this members extended to appoint the act was seen as mass suicide even by the government of the United States. This story is fascinating because of the event that happened in Jonestown. The story talks about murder and suicide of many people who are the members of the religious group. The most interesting part in the story is the fact that the deaths of this people could not be justified and also the causes of their deaths were not valid. The death of many people at a time and from the same place could also attract attention to the story. Interestingly, the diseased die without knowing the reasons of their deaths. Another interesting part of the story is the way people died from cyanide, there are several symptoms that are observed when a person is poisoned using cyanide. Those who were said to have died from cyanide, should have displayed the signs and the symptoms appropriately. On religious tradition, the article talks about the religious movement and the visit of its members to the divine. According to the article, the members of the religious group often went to the divine for the religious activities. Jones’ speech attracted more members to the group, he delivered sermons that relieved the members and gave many people the feeling of freedom. From the religion activities explored in the article, it is clear that the traditions of religion depends on the belief of the individual. However, the sermon and the speech given by the religious leaders appear to attract and influence most of the non-believers into joining a certain religion movement (Moore & Rebecca 317). For

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) What do the following have in common: alcoholism, obesity, smoking, drug abuse and compulsive gambling? Until recently, there were thought of as relatively independent and separate problem areas. Psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals have previously specialised in the treatment of one of these behaviours, but few had attempted to extend their therapy and research efforts to cover more than one or two of these disorders. As well as their expertise, specialists in these areas have not worked in concert with one another, or communicated with each other about treatment and research issues. However, several changes have been induced in recent times with the concept of addictive behaviours, and this has led to possible commonalities among these seemingly diverse problems. There is also the increased awareness that workers in each of these areas have much to learn from one another, and that there may be significant and instructive similarities i n aetiology, process and treatment. The interesting similarity among the above mentioned problems has collectively come to be known as additive behaviours. According to Miller (1980) addictive behaviours involve some form of indulgence for short-term pleasure of satisfaction at the expense of longer-term adverse effects. The various substance abuse disorders all involve significant health risks as various chronic diseases. There are enormous social costs of addictive behaviours, both in personal expenditures as non-essentials and costs to the public as health care, crime control etc. The following essay aims to critically review DSM-IV guidelines for diagnosing co morbid substance use disorders (SUDs), the factors that undermine definitive diagnosis of co morbid disorders, and the potential diagnostic changes that could address these issues. In particular this essay shall examine alcoholism which is one form of substance abuse. Attempts shall also be made to investigate the types of research that would act as a support for the criteria and guidelines for diagnosing SUDs and psychosis. Substance use disorder is caused due to psychoactive drug use and may be referred to as a condition arising from the abuse of alcohol and psychoactive drugs. Alcohol and other substances can have varied physiological and psychological effects. Although the effects of alcohol and drug consumption may appear as desirable, prolonged and heavy usage may result in physical harm, dependency and withdrawal problems and long term psychological damage or social harm. For the diagnosis of patients with co morbid psychotic symptoms and substance use disorders (SUDs) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV), makes clear distinctions between independent psychotic disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and substance-induced syndromes (delirium, dementia etc.). Most substance-induced psychotic symptoms are considered to be short lived and that it subsides with sustained abstinence along with other symptoms of substance intoxication and withdrawal. One of the m ost frequent situations in psychiatric diagnosis are challenges posed by patients who experience the onset of psychotic symptoms during episodes of current or recent psychoactive substance use (Rosenthal Miner, 1997). All major categories of non-organic psychotic disorders in DSM-IV have an exclusion criterion for symptoms that are not caused due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. For patients with SUDs, psychotic disorders can be diagnosed as either independent or having one of the many substance-induced mental disorders. Psychosis forms a feature of this categorisation. When changes occur relating to the pharmacological effects of different categories of substances, the symptoms include – acute intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations etc (caused due to the use of substances such as, alcohol, stimulants etc.). The only exception is for alcohol-induced pathological dementia. All other substance-induced psychotic mental disorders are considered as time limited (Rounsaville, 2007). Alcohol dependence syndrome according to DSM-IV (APA,1994), is characterised by the presence of three or more of the following symptoms – a strong compulsion to drink; difficulty in controlling either the onset or termination of drinking or the levels of alcohol use; a physiological withdrawal state on the stopping of alcohol consumption or the use of alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms; increasing tolerance to alcohol (i.e. the need to consume larger quantities of alcohol to achieve a similar effect as produced originally from smaller amounts); digressive neglect of other interests; and persisting use of alcohol despite awareness of the harmful effects from consumption. Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis with hallucinations occurring as the predominating feature in many alcohol-related conditions. These include but are not limited to acute intoxication; withdrawal, after a major decrease in alcohol consumption, and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication. According to Larson (2008), alcohol is a neurotoxin that affects the brain in a complex manner through prolonged exposure and repeated withdrawal. This results in significant morbidity and mortality. Larson further argues that, alcohol-related psychosis is often an indication of chronic alcoholism. As such, it is associated with medical, neurological, and psychosocial complications. The discontinuation of alcohol rapidly clears alcohol-related psychosis but may continue on later alcohol related exposure. Although distinguishing alcohol-related psychosis from schizophrenia through clinical presentation often is difficult, the general consensus is that alcohol-related psychosis suspends wi th abstinence, unlike schizophrenia. Larson (2008) has also noted that, alcohol-related psychosis lacks the in-depth research needed to understand its pathophysiology, demographics, characteristics, and treatment when compared to alcoholism. According to Rassool (2006) psychoactive drugs are substances which have an effect on the central nervous, as they alter mood, cognitive processes and behaviour. Rassool (2006), states that, the uses of psychoactive drugs are considered illegitimate depending on the social customs and laws of different cultures and societies. In most societies, no adjustments are made in the interest of the use and misuse of tranquilisers, heroine, volatile substances, and stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine. Legal drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine are used as a social lubricant and as self-medication, as a means to relieve tensions and anxieties of everyday life. They are also used as a mechanism to ease social intercourse. He further agues that, although there is an increased risk of morbidity and morality, alcohol is actively encouraged and socially reinforced in some societies. There have also been observations that consumption levels are on the rise in most countries and hence , statistics have been obtained for the UK to demonstrate this fact below. According to the NHS Information Centre (2009), an estimated 863,000 alcohol related admission in hospital in 2007/08. This is an increase of 69% since 2002/03 when the alcohol related admission was at 510,200. The statistics bulletin further states that, in England in 2007, the number of individuals who were on prescription items for the treatment of alcohol dependency were 134,429. These were prescriptions that were dispensed in primary care settings or NHS hospitals and those dispensed in the community. This shows a marked difference since 2003 when there were 102,741 prescription items (an increase by 31%). Further findings from the bulletin indicate that, there were 6,541 deaths in England in 2007, and these were directly related to alcohol (an increase by 19% since 2001). Of these alcohol related deaths, majority of the individuals died from alcoholic liver disease (estimate of 4,249). Alcohol misuse related harm is estimated to cost the NHS in England approx. Â £2.7 billion i n 2006/07. As an attempt to ensure a moderately even account of the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK, the Audit Scotland report has been reviewed and provides further evidence of Scotlands growing problem with drug and alcohol misuse. The Audit Scotland (2009) report presents that Scotland has a higher level of drug and alcohol misuse compared to the rest of the UK. According to the report, the levels of alcohol dependency are three times higher than that of England. The report states that estimating the size of Scotlands alcohol problem is not accurate due to lack of national data and under-reporting of consumption. Based from findings from the Office of National Statistics (2002), an estimated 4.9% of the population in Scotland aged 16 and over are dependant of alcohol. The higher prevalence of alcohol dependency is Scotland has been argued to be found due to high rates of alcohol dependency in Scottish women. There were 42,430 discharges from acute general hospitals with an alcohol-related diagnosis in 2007/08. When compared to statistics from the past five years, there has been an increase by 5% in discharge rates (Alcohol Statistics Scotland, 2008). In Scotland, 11% of all accident and emergency attendances are considered to be as a result of alcohol. The busiest time of alcohol-related attendances are recorded as Friday night of Saturday morning ranging between midnight and four in the morning (NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2006). Scotland has the highest alcohol-related death rate in the UK with 1,399 alcohol-related deaths in 2007. This is a 75% increase over ten years and over 100% increase over fifteen years (General Register Office for Scotland, 2009). A report from Strathclyde Police in 2007 showed that between April 2006 and March 2007, two-thirds of those in custody at three Glasgow police stations were for violent offending under the influence of alcohol. The reasons for highlighting the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK as well detailed statistics from Scotland is not just to emphasise the ever growing alcohol and drug consumption in the country, but also to understand the common co-occurring psychiatric disorders related with the misuse of these substances. The recent recognition of this co morbidity can be attributed to a number of reasons. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), state that, the development of drug abuse services was separate from that of the development of general psychiatric services, with little interference between them. Furthermore, the move from hospitals to community care of individuals with severe mental disorders has exposed these individuals to the risk of developing alcohol and drug problems, thereby merely heightening their psychopathology and disability. There is also the high risk of self-harm not just to individuals who are within general psychiatric services, but also those with severe personality disorders with in addiction services. A number of etiological models for co morbidity have been introduced in research. These include – common factor models, secondary substance misuse models, and secondary psychiatric illness models (Mueser, Bellack Blanchard, 1998). According to Mueser et al (1998), the common factors models include common genetic factors and antisocial personality disorder. However, Abou-Saleh Janac (2004) argue that studies have not supported the existence of a common genetic factor in the causation of substance misuse and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, the presence of antisocial personality disorder was shown to be a common factor in substance misuse. They further go on to argue that, patients with sever mental illness and antisocial personality disorder are morel likely to have substance misuse than those with no antisocial personality disorder. Adversity in childhood can seem omnipresent in patients with alcohol misuse who are co morbid with psychiatric conditions. A study condu cted by Langeland, Dralijer Van der Brink (2004), found that childhood detrimental influences such as early loss of a parent, witnessing domestic violence and parental alcoholism, exemplified as variations in types of co morbid psychiatric disorders in men with alcohol dependence. A further study by Mueser et al (2000), in a cohort study involving 325 patients with co morbid psychiatric disorder and substance misuse distinguished the predictors of co morbidity as male, young age, lacking education, involved in criminal activity, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Secondary substance misuse models include those of self-medication, alleviation of depression, and super sensitivity. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), further state that the self-medication model depict psychiatric patients as using specific substances to alleviate specific symptoms. However, this argument has not been supported and psychiatric patients who use alcohol or drugs have worse outcomes. As depression can be associated with a general proneness to addiction and not the use of a specific substance, the alleviation of depression model is more acceptable. According to the super sensitivity model, patients with severe mental illnesses react in a highly sensitive manner to low doses of alcohol and drugs, in particular amphetamines leading to a hasty relapse in the individuals illness. The secondary psychiatric illness model alcohol and drug use disorders are viewed as causing the co morbid mental disorder (Abou-Saleh Janac, 2004). An interesting note about the above stated models is t hat, causality is one-directional. In clinical practice, substance abuse may form both a cause and a consequence of another mental disorder. A mental disorder at the same time may be both a cause and a consequence of substance abuse, thereby creating a vicious circle. In individual cases, multiple pathways of association between substance abuse and other mental disorders may act simultaneously in both directions. A review of certain factors (bio physiological and genetic, socio cultural and psychodynamic) as well as a detailed review of other models (social learning and behavioural) which all put together helps formulate what is known and thought about why human beings come to abuse themselves by abusing alcohol. When split apart, each model explains a part of every abusers problem, together they provide a comprehensive etiological perspective. According to Miller (1980), one of the most obstinate theories of the bio physiological model of alcoholism is that alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in the rate at which they metabolise alcohol. Identifying such a difference would suggest that the etiological factor resides in the rate-limiting mechanisms involved in the metabolism of ethanol. However, no metabolic studies of alcoholism indicate the existence of such a rate difference (given that the alcohol consumption is kept constant) (Mello Mendelson, 1978). Charles Lieber, claims that alcohol ics have two metabolic routes by which they break down alcohol while non-alcoholics have one (Korsten Lieber, 1979). According to this theory, alcoholics metabolise alcohol differently from non-alcoholics and thus gain the capacity to consume larger amounts of alcohol for longer periods of time than non-alcoholics. Even if such proof were available, there still lie the important roles of environmental, behavioural and socio-cultural factors in alcoholism. Numerous studies have been carried out, suggesting that alcoholism runs in families (Goodwin, 1979). Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in the development of alcoholism has been derived from twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, observations of ethnic differences, and studies of biological risk factors (Goodwin 1979, 1985). Studies of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins generally suggest that there is some degree of heritability in the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed (Schuckit 1987). Monozygotic twin pairs also tend to show a significantly higher level of concordance compared with dizygotic twin pairs (Schuckit 1987; Agarwal and Goedde 1990). Family studies indicate that approximately 40% of alcoholics have an alcoholic parent (Institute of Medicine 1987), and that the alcoholism rate is significantly higher in relatives of alcoholics than in relatives of non alcoholics (Cotton, 1979; Guze et al, 1986). Alcoholics with a fami ly history of alcoholism tend to begin drinking earlier in life. They also tend to have more alcohol-related problems than those alcoholics without a family history of alcoholism (Cloninger et al. 1981). These data, taken together, suggest that there may well be a genetic component to alcoholism, though its extent and influence of inheritance is not a simple one, as both genetic and environmental factors may be involved (McNeece DiNitto, 2005). The pharmacology and physiology of physical dependence and tolerance to the drugs of abuse continue to be explored, but this model alone cannot adequately define alcoholism. As mentioned earlier, cultural patterns have a profound impact on drinking and rates of alcoholism. Miller (1980), states that although cultural influences can predispose a person to alcoholism, social variables play a major role in translating that predisposition to actual addiction. He further states that cultural influences can operate to maintain alcoholic drinking. For e.g. peer pressure, has a powerful influence on the development of deviant drinking among adolescents (Jessor Jessor, 1975). Social historians have argued that the pervasiveness of social setting-related influences on persons to drink heavily (Zinberg Fraser, 1979). Psychoanalysts explain alcoholism in several ways. Alcoholism is seen by some psychoanalysts as fundamentally suicidal, trying to destroy bad, depriving mothers with whom the person has identified with. Others claim that alcoholics are defining themselves against underlying depression by drinking to oblivion (Williams, 1976). Critics of the psychoanalytic approach to alcoholism, argue that there is no empirical data to support these hypotheses. They also argue that psychoanalysis does not help alcoholics who seek treatment (Schuckit Haglund, 1977). Dynamic theories of drug addiction, describe the addict as a person whose habit represents a return to the oral stage of psychosexual development. As such, dependency needs being paramount, the addict is frustrated with their inability to derive satisfaction of these needs. Inability to meet their oral dependency needs in more appropriate ways, leads the addicts to use drugs or alcohol to obtain gratification. Although the complex psychoa nalytic theory has been simplified to a great extent, it has relatively little impact on the prevailing views of aetiology and treatment. The cognitive behavioural approach views any type of psychopathology as a maladaptive learning process. As such, the central goal of cognitive behavioural approaches is to design techniques through which maladaptive responses can be disentangled and replaced with adaptive responses. The first behavioural explanation for alcoholism was that of tension-reduction. Tension-reduction is based on the hypothesis that, alcohol appears to reduce anxiety. Hence, alcohol is presumed to reinforce drinking by alcoholics. Empirical support for the theory came from earlier studies of experimentally-induced conflict in animals (Conger, 1951, 1956; Masserman Yum, 1946). However, tension reduction has not received universal support (Cappell Herman, 1972; Brown Crowell, 1974). The behavioural effects of alcohol involve a complex interaction of factors. The expectations an individual holds about alcohol effects their behaviour (Pliner Cappell, 1974). Expectancies themselves are complex because it is based on belief systems, prior drinking experiences, the immediate social and physical setting of drinking, dosage levels etc. Such complexity suggests that the potential reinforcing capabilities of alcohol remain uncertain. The social learning model views alcohol and drug abuse as socially acquired, learned behaviour patters that are maintained by numerous anticipatory causes (classical conditioning) and consequent reinforces (operant conditioning). The causes and reinforces may be of a psychological, sociological or physiological nature (Miller Eisler, 1975). The relationship between SUDs and psychiatric disorders pose commonplace diagnostic challenges for both clinicians in treatment settings and researchers in community settings. This is because both SUDs and psychiatric disorders are intermeshed with resemblance of intoxication and withdrawal effects to the symptoms of psychiatric disorders in most patients who come for treatment. Research findings suggests that there are high rates of SUDs amongst individuals with schizophrenia (Regier et al 1990), and even higher rates were reported among samples with first episode psychosis (FEP) (Sevy et al, 2001; Kavanagh et al, 2004; Wade et al, 2004). Addressing co morbidity is clinically relevant because SUD in schizophrenic patients is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (Swofford et al, 1996) and contributes significantly to their morbidity and morality (Rosen et la, 2008). The reasons for high co morbidity between SUD and schizophrenia although poorly understood, are considered to be a n involvement of brain pathways and is likely to be a shared feature in co morbidity that is common to all drugs of abuse (Volkow et al, 2007). The co morbidity of SUD and schizophrenia could also be a direct consequence of the underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia. This may contribute to enhanced addiction vulnerability in individuals by disrupting the neural substrates that mediate positive reinforcement (Chambers, Krystal Self, 2001). The challenge has been to design measures to differentiate three conditions. Firstly, differentiating between expected intoxication and withdrawal symptoms; secondly, being able to distinguish between psychiatric disorders occurring during periods of active substance use. The third measure includes being able to differentiate between psychiatric disorders that are clearly independent from substance use. Prior to the publication of DSM-Iv, there existed no specific criteria for making these differentiations in substance abusers. This gave rise to a number of reliability and validity problems, including low levels of agreement between study groups, even when the same measures were used (Hasin, Samet, Nunes, Meydan, Matseoane Waxman, 2006). Eventually, DSM-IV clarified the guidelines to a considerable extent for differentiating independent and substance-induced disorders. According to DSM-IV, if a psychiatric episode occurs when substance use is insufficient to produce persistent intox ication or withdrawal, it would be diagnosed as primary (independent). Subsequently, substance-induced psychiatric disorders are defined as those that occur during periods of heavy substance use (or remitting shortly thereafter) and that have symptoms that exceed the expected effects of intoxication or withdrawal listed in DSM-IV. Hasin et al (2006), also argue that no study has yet addressed the reliability of the DSM-IV system of differentiating between intoxication/withdrawal symptoms. Disorders whose symptoms exceed intoxication/withdrawal effects and psychiatric disorders that is temporally independent from periods of substance use. In order to create a diagnostic instrument that was reliable and valid for assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers, the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was developed (Hasin, Trautman, Miele, Samet, Smith Endicott, 1996). The pre-DSM-IV PRISM included standardised guidelines and probes to differentiate between organic and non organic syndromes and was administered by experienced clinical interviewers. Hasin et al (1996) conducted a study involving 172 dual-diagnosis or substance abuse patients. The result showed good to excellent reliability for many diagnoses, including SUDs, primary affective disorders, eating disorders, some anxiety disorders, and psychotic symptoms. The need to incorporate the new DSM-IV criteria (including the criteria for substance-induced disorders), to shorten and simplify the interview, and to add assessment of specific psychotic disorders led to the development of the PRISM-IV (Hasin et al, 2006). The PRISM-IV is a semi structured interview. The covers the diagnosis for current and lifetime time frames. These include abuse and dependence (by substance), major depressive disorder, mania, schizophrenia, mood disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, personality disorders etc. The most fascinating feature of the PRISM-IV is that, diagnostic modules can be selected to suit specific research needs. Apart from this, substance use disorders that are unimportant to the research question can be omitted as well. Other than PRISM-IV and DSM-IV, there are various other assessment tools that can be used for the assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. One such tool is the International Classification of Diseases Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). ICD-10 provides specific criteria to differentiate between primary disorders and disorders resulting from psychoactive substance use, but only for psychotic disorders. ICD-10 excludes psychotic episodes attributed to psychoactive substance use from a primary classification similar to DSM-IV. Unlike DSM-IV, ICS-10 does not provide a separate psychoactive substance-related category for any other type of psychiatric disorder. In ICS-10, organic mental disorders exclude alcohol or other psychoactive substance-related disorders. Furthermore, organic mood disorders and organic delusional disorders cannot be used to diagnose episodes co-occurring with heavy psychoactive substance use (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). Different interviews for psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria are available for clinical and research studies. These include Structured Clinical Interviews for Axis I disorders (SCID-I) for DSM-IV (First et al, 1997). There exists the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Janca et al, 1994) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (WHO, 1998). The SCID-IV is a semi-structured interview that allows diagnosis of primary or substance-induced disorders. However, it does not provide any specific guidelines other than those stated in the criteria. The differentiation of primary and substance induced disorders is made on a syndrome level in SCID-IV (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). A range of clinical phenomena can be assessed by SCAN. A core instrument of the SCAN is the Present State Examination (PSE-10). PSE ratings are coded on score sheets and based on these ratings, a computer program generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnos es. The PSE is a semi-structured clinical examination. The interviewer uses clinical judgment to attribute specified definitions to clinical phenomena using the SCAN Glossary. The glossary consists of a list of definitions of clinical symptoms and experiences (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). Finally, the CIDI is a fully structured interview design. The interviewers read the questions as written without interpretation (Robins et al, 1988). CIDI relies heavily on the subjects opinion for primary substance-induced differentiation. The CIDI generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. Symptoms attributed to alcohol, drugs, or physical illnesses are eliminated for consideration when making psychiatric diagnoses in CIDI. The method of evaluation used in CIDI is very varied in comparison to SCID-IV, SCAN or PRISM-IV. Torrens et al (2006) argues that, currently, most DSM-IV psychiatric disorders can be assessed in substance-abusing subjects with acceptable to excellent reliability and validity by specifically using the PRISM assessment tool. Having reviewed the statistics, aetiology and assessment of co morbidity in alcohol abuse, the next section is going to analyse the different treatment approaches. One of the biggest problems in the treatment of SUDs is preventing a relapse after abstinence or controlled substance use has been achieved. Whilst there is no general theory of relapse, Marlatt Gordons approach to treatment is based principles of social learning theory, and draws heavily on the concepts of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). The approach emphasises on the methods to enhance confidence in individuals to enable them to perform activities leading to an effective outcome. According to self-efficacy theory, individuals who possess a high self-efficacy on their ability to perform a particular task are more likely to initiate and maintain that behaviour (Wilson, 1996). Wilson (1996) argues that the self-efficacy theory has been criticised on a number of conceptual grounds including difficulty in distinguishing betwe en response-outcome expectancies and performance self-efficacy (Lee, 1989). The Stages of change model by Prochaska DiClemente (1983), suggest four stages in the process of change. These include: pre-contemplation (not thinking about cessation); contemplation; action (attempting to engage in cessation); and maintenance (stopped using drug, and attempting to remain abstinent). Wilson (1996) argues that, although this model cannot be considered to be a general theory of relapse, there are opportunities different types of interventions for different individuals. He further argues that theory helps make specific and testable predictions about the matching of individuals for treatments. Other than the theoretical explanations for prevention of replace in individuals with alcohol abuse, there also exists medical treatment and social treatment approaches. Detoxification is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to offset the withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification treats only the physical effects of prolonge d use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. There is a high chance of relapse without further treatment. Various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as providing relapse prevention skills. Miller (1980) states that when problem drinkers are treated, approximately one-third become abstinent and an additional one-third show substantial improvement without abstinence. He has based his findings from short-term studies; however, data from long-term studies suggest that on average only 26% of those treated remain abstinent or improved after one year. A few other treatment strategies for alcohol addiction include aversion therapies, family therapies, controlled drinking therapies etc. To conclude, while progress is apparent in the study of substance abuse; more research is needed on the commonalities and differences among the addictions. Numerous theories have been developed to help explain the causes of addiction, but it is important not to lose sight of essential differences among substances and their effects. Individuals with recurrent or severe and enduring mental illness and co morbidity with substance-misuse have complex needs. This requires the continuing care of specialist mental health services and substance-misuse services. It has been reported that around 30% of those seeking help for mental health problems have current substance misuse problems, and of individuals seeking help for substance misuse, more than half have had a mental disorder in the previous six months (Department of Health, 1998). According to Appleby (1999), individuals with substance-misuse and psychiatric disorders find it hard to engage with appropriate services. He further states th at suicide is a high risk factor amongst this group. The different assessment tools that have been devised by DSM-IV for the diagnosis of co morbidity in SUDs, whether in primary or specialist care should consider how to access appropriate specialist input. Recent studies have examined the relationship

The Global Warming Conflict: USA vs. Other Countries Essay -- Environm

The Global Warming Conflict: USA vs. Other Countries In my paper, I plan to explain why the United States and other nations cannot get along when it comes to environmental issues. I plan to break up the paper into three sections that contains what global warming is and how it affects the world, the United States problems and conflicts with other counties about this subject, and my own conclusion based on the information I have found. Global warming is a serious issue in today?s society. World powers such as the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia can usually see eye to eye with each other about global warming. Other countries, either less developed or more climate aware, do not agree with the countries that are more industrial, because they want strict regulations on air pollution that the more developed countries do not want. The more industrialized countries complain because they say that in order to keep the world going at a safe and orderly pace, they cannot have a change the lifestyle that we are used to today. Both sets of countries know that the amount of greenhouse gasses need to be lightened, but cannot come up with a viable solution. In order to understand what the countries are talking about, one would have to know why the earth is warming and what exactly is causing it. Greenhouse gasses are what is causing the earth to retain more heat. Greenhouse gasses ?that have increased over the industrial period are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), and chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11.? (2-453) The increase in these gases has caused global warming and it continues to rise today. Factory smoke stacks, car emissions, forests burning, and energy usage that burn fossil fuels produce the highest percentage of the gasses that harm the Earth and continue our warming trend. (5-1) For example, the United States, for the nine month period of January to November 2000, ?had the warmest nine month period since records began in 1895.? because we use the most fossil fuels and put out the most greenhouse gasses (6-1). This was all caused by the growing industrial age that we live in today. Why do greenhouse gases produce global warming? ?Infrared active gases (IR), principally water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ozone (O3), naturally present in the Earth?s atmosphere, absorb thermal IR radiation emitted by the Earth?s sur... ...hat take and do not give. We should do our part in conserving energy, using less fossil fuels, regulating standards for factory emissions, and use better public transportation or the world will keep diminishing slowly. Works Cited 1. Horner, Chris. ?Scientists Continue To Assail Climate Treaty.? http://www.globalwarming.org/cop6horner.htm 2. Fellows, Hall, Killeen, Ledley, Schwartz, Sundquist. ?Climate Change and Greenhouse Gasses? Vol. 80, No. 39. 28 September 1999 p. 453- 475 http://www.agu.org/eos_elec?99148e.html 3. Fuller, Jim. ?Ministers Unable to Reach Agreement at Climate Change Conference? 25 November 2000. Http://globalchange.gov/news/hague_conference_2000_11_25.html 4. Johnson, Kirk. ?Global Warming Moves From Impassioned Words to Modest Deeds.? New York Times 19 November 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/19/science/19CLIM.html 5. Revkin, Andrew C. ?Effort to Cut Warming Lacks Time and Unity.? New York Times 24 November 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/24/science/24CLIM.html 6. Zengerle, Patricia. ?World Powers Trade Charges on Climate Talks? Failure? 26 November 2000 http://dialynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20001126/ts/environment_climate_dc_28.html

Volunteering and Community Involvement

Volunteering is a fulfilling experience. Many people do not take the opportunity to pursue volunteer pursuits for a variety of reasons. In fact, for most people, it is a time-consuming endeavor. Personally, I began my volunteer experience while I was a high school student as a reading tutor for elementary students. Ever since that first volunteering experience, I pursued any volunteer opportunity available to me – from helping Somalian students with homework to being a Big Brother to a fourth grade student.So why should we volunteer? Why should we involve ourselves in an experience that does not have any financial value, is time-consuming and the motives are generally negative and wrong? The answer is clear: We should volunteer to support the general welfare of our communities and world. First, we should volunteer so we can garner the benefits through community involvement. Volunteering is not just a fulfilling experience – it is a chance for an individual to be a part of their community.Community involvement is a great way to build a resume and volunteer positions can be a great form of on-the-job training. Many skills can be obtained through the wide variety of volunteer opportunities available. Another positive to volunteering is the chance to learn about the diverse communities in our society. Tolerance is bred through understanding. When we understand the different cultures in the communities around us, then we are able to accept the differences between us.Also, a volunteer can bring their personal skills and enthusiasm to community sites, which in turn will positively impact other lives, as well as their own. However, some communities do not offer the unique diversity setting as a volunteering option; therefore a person must look to other positive qualities to volunteering. Another positive of volunteer work is the enhancement of education and development of a career network. One of the best ways to learn is through experience; as a result, volunteering is a great way to enhance skills.There is no better way to gain knowledge than to work at an organization hand-picked to fit personal needs and interests. Many educational experiences cannot be taught in a classroom. Additionally, a career network can be established through volunteering. Networking is an incredibly important part of searching for jobs and building careers. Community involvement is one of the best ways to make connections and foster relationships that do just that. Not only will a network be formed, many people who volunteer at an organization are offered permanent positions.If the volunteer is a student who recently graduated from college, this is an excellent way to start a career. However, if the lack of pay is a drawback; consider one more thing – variety. The variety of volunteer opportunities is endless. Volunteering can range from reading to non-English speaking children to building houses for the poor and disenfranchised. Natural disasters create many volunteer experiences in which an individual can travel to remote locations in order to clean up after a disaster, meanwhile creating relationships with a variety of people.Long-lasting friendships are created through volunteering because each person values their rewarding work. Volunteers are surrounded with like-minded people and see the positive change they are making on their society and world. Although volunteering is not a paid position; it is evident that many life skills are gained from volunteering which wealth cannot provide. Yes, work without pay can be a hard thing to do. However, the experiences gained from volunteering should off-set that disadvantage.From community involvement to development of a career network, it is clear that volunteering is a fulfilling experience. Creating long-lasting friendships, traveling to remote locations and seeing the fruits of your labor are additional reasons why volunteering is something to consider. The volunteer opportun ites are endless as long as the personal motives are positive and good. As Mahatma Gandhi said: â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world† – be that change.

Morality Objectively Exists. But By Identifying Something

Morality objectively exists. But by identifying something that all human beings carry with them, we can draw a clear line between what is right and what is wrong. All human beings are born with one common and simple desire, the desire to be loved. Love is the universal truth for all of humanity. Love stands as the clear line between what is right and what is wrong. If an individual or a culture is acting in a way that does not show love for themselves or others, then they are acting immorally. The simple definition of love stands to bolster and protect all human life. The focus of this paper is to adequately describe what moral relativism and moral subjectivism are. This paper will make the claim that no type of moral relativism or†¦show more content†¦A moral subjectivist would say that what is definitively right is different for every person. Moral subjectivism looks to argue that there is no definite truth and that all facets of morality are arbitrary in nature. Unlike, moral relativism, moral subjectivism is, in some ways, compatible with moral realism. Both say that an individual can be sure of their moral boundaries no matter what the situation may be. For example, Christians believe that all life is precious and that abortion is wrong, yet someone who is not Christian could also believe that all life is precious and that abortion is wrong. Trying to identify a universal truth in which dictates the whole world and all human morality is a difficult task, but this section will attempt to argue that love is just that. The problem with this is how do you compare a serial killer with Gandhi? This is a valid question, and the immense diversity of humans makes such a question almost impossible to answer. St. Thomas Aquinas said that, â€Å"the things that we love tell us what we are.† As humans we put our hopes, trust, and dreams into the things that we love. In other words love defines who we are as humans. 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